Ingvar Tjøstheim

Sammendrag Respons Analyse gjennomførte undersøkelsen «Barometer for synslikestiling» for Norges Blindeforbund i 2023. Resultatene fra undersøkelsen er beskrevet i rapporten “Norges Blindeforbund: Likestillingsbarometeret 2023.” Forskningsprosjektet i 2025 bygger på dette arbeidet. Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra forskningsprosjektet om videreutvikling av barometer for synslikestilling, i det følgende kalt Synsbarometeret. Forskningsprosjektets mål har vært å undersøke hvordan styrke kvaliteten og representativiteten til Synsbarometeret, slik at det kan brukes som en pålitelig kilde til informasjon for myndigheter og fagmiljøer. Arbeidet har omfattet en gjennomgang av det tidligere spørreskjemaet og forslag til endringer for den nye telefon-undersøkelsen som ble gjennomført våren 2025. I tillegg ble det testet en SMS-undersøkelse for å nå yngre aldersgrupper, en aldersgruppe som har lav «respons rate» (deltakelsesprosent) på telefonunderundersøkelser. I forsknings-prosjektet har vi også vurdert bruk av registerdata til vekting, i rekruttering til undersøkelsen, til å redusere antall spørsmål i undersøkelsen, og for å gjøre undersøkelsen mer sammenlignbar med nasjonale levekårsundersøkelser. Det langsiktige målet er et Synsbarometer med høy metodisk kvalitet, som kombinerer innsamlet informasjon fra synshemmede med relevante registerdata, samtidig som det tar hensyn til utfordringer knyttet til representativitet og skjevheter i utvalget. Vår anbefaling for Synsbarometeret 2027 er å søke SSB om å få bruke registerdata. Formålet er å bruke registerdata til uttrekket til undersøkelsen, og til analyser og postvekting etter at undersøkelsen er gjennomført.

Vacations are essential for many people, offering a break from daily routines. As technology integrates into all aspects of society, including travel, questions about the future of digital travel arise. Digital travel is an emerging phenomenon, with limited observations or interviews of digital travelers at vir-tual destinations. This paper aims to predict travelers’ intentions to engage in digital travel in the future, addresses a gap in the literature on digital tourism from travelers’ perspectives. To enhance ecological validity, a digital presentation of Mexico from the game Forza Horizon 5 was used, and 586 travelers from a national population were recruited. The survey included questions on digital pre-sentations of museums, attractions, and guided tours, followed by questions on the level of experiences in a digital museum, digital attractions, and a digital guided tour. Binary logistic regression was used to predict future interest in digital travel applications. The significant predictors were the level of education of the partici-pants, their response to digital guided tours, and vicarious sightseeing in Mexico. The study discusses the potential of digital travel in future vacations, suggesting that virtual experiences can complement, and sometimes even substitute, physical travel. However, digital travel appears, according to the findings, to appeal to only a small segment of travelers.

I prosjektet Hvordan påvirker digital svindel og lav digital kompetanse eldres mentale helse? støttet av DAM-stiftelsen har vi gjennomført en spørreundersøkelse med 1383 deltakere i alderen 63 år til 99 år med en gjennomsnittsalder på 76 år. Deltakerne er rekruttert av Pensjonistforbundet. I denne rapporten presenterer vi hovedfunnene fra undersøkelsen. Dette er hovedfunnene. * 1 av 4 (25%) har selv opplevd svindel. For noen førte svindelen til et økonomisk tap, stenging av konti, bytte av betalingskort, og en mental belastning. For andre fikk svindelhendelsen ikke slike konsekvenser – de kontaktet sin bank eller kortselskap og fikk sperrer kortet, eller de stanset å gi fra seg informasjon før svindleren hadde nok til å misbruke informasjonen. * 54% svarer at de er redde for digital svindel og at de derfor er mindre aktive digitalt. Legger vi til de som svarer litt redde, 40% er andelen 94% Frykt for digital svindel har en negativ påvirkning på digital deltakelse. * 8% forteller at de har opplevd ID-tyveri. For denne type svindel er tallet lavest for de yngste eldre og høyest for de eldste. * 9% forteller at de har opplevd kortsvindel. For denne type svindel er tallet høyest for de yngste eldre og lavest for de eldste av deltakerne i undersøkelsen har 49% høy digital kompetanse, 34% middels og 17% lav digital kompetanse. Det er deltakerne selv som har vurdert sin digitale kompetanse. * Det er ingen forskjell når det gjelder hvilken digital kompetanse en har og om en har opplevd å bli svindlet, men de med høy digital kompetanse er i noe større grad villig til å fortelle andre om sine svindelhendelser. * 69% av de med høy digital kompetanse svarer: «det at svindel kan skje gjør meg redd. Jeg er derfor klart mindre aktiv digitalt enn jeg kunne ha vært.» Vi har delt deltakerne inn i disse fem aldersgruppene: unge eldre 63-69 år, 70-74 år, 75-79 år, 80-84 år og 85 år eller eldre. Alle aldersgruppene har samme andel, 25% opplevd svindel, Det bør her legges til at de yngre eldre er mer digitalt aktive enn de eldste og har høyere digital kompetanse. Vi antar derfor at de yngre har bedre kunnskap om svindel enn de eldre, men på grunn av høyere digital aktivitet er det sannsynlig at de oftere utsettes for svindelforsøk. Hvor mange vil fortelle om egne svindelopplevelser? * Det er 71% som svarer at det vil de gjøre. Det er 1 av 4 som selv har opplevd svindel. Av de som selv har opplevd svindel svarer 77% prosent ja på dette spørsmålet. Det er bra at dette tallet er høyt. Det fordi det å lære av andres erfaringer er viktig. * På spørsmålet: Hvis du har avverget et svindelforsøk, ikke blitt lurt, hva gjør det med deg? svarer 47% Jeg blir stolt, tryggere på meg selv og føler mestring. * frykt for svindel og egne svindelopplevelser påvirker den mentale hendelsen negativt. Det er ikke nødvendigvis en direkte sammenheng, men både det at en høy andel som svarer at de tenker på svindelhendelser og at det tar tid å legge svindelhendelser bak seg, og at svindelhendelser fører til at en føler seg trist og nedtrykt er uttrykk for dette. Anbefalinger fra eldre * Mange nevner at når noe skjer det er viktig å raskt kontakte banken eller kortselskapet, og «Bank og tjenesteleverandør bør ta et større ansvar».

In the digital economy, criminal activities have increased, making all citizens vulnerable. Financial institutions, internet, and telecom operations are taking steps to stop criminal activity, but it is not possible to protect all customers. Fraud remains a significant problem, particularly affecting elderly citizens. This paper focuses on individuals aged 60 years or older, a group that includes both high and low ICT skill levels. The necessity of being digital and protecting personal data is critical, especially as criminals use advanced social engineering techniques and AI tools, making it difficult to distinguish between legitimate and fraudulent messages. Reports indicate that the elderly are frequently targeted by criminals, with terms like “Olga-fraud” describing financial fraud against older women. Understanding why criminals often succeed when targeting elderly citizens is crucial. This study investigates the human factors affecting susceptibility to phishing by analysing data from two samples: a national sample of individuals aged 60–69 years (Study 1) and a sample of retired individuals aged 63–79 years (Study 2). The research addresses four questions: the predictive value of the cognitive reflection test (CRT), data disclosure test, interpersonal trust, and conformity on experiencing credit card misuse or ID theft. Using binary logistic regression, the study identifies significant predictors of fraud vulnerability. Findings suggest that while CRT is not a significant predictor, data disclosure, interpersonal trust, and conformity are. The studies highlight the importance of personal traits and decision styles in online vulnerability, contributing to our understanding of why elderly citizens are often targeted successfully by criminals.

In this article we look at two of the principle ways in which digital technology may plausibly change the nature of, and to some extent replace, physical travel. The most obvious is to simulate another place as a virtual reality, one that can convey a convincing sense of being there. This can be seen as making the digital world more physical, as far as the user’s experience is concerned, and is a strong form of digital travel. Video gaming and some work with therapeutic applications for relaxation, regeneration and exercise point to the potential of this kind of digital travel to have a wider and more engaging role in the future. In contrast, widely used and accepted systems for on-line meetings, and various phone apps providing location-sensitive information to their users, and also augmented reality approaches (none of which convey a strong sense of being in another location), suggest another approach - that of making the physical world more digital. We characterise this as a weaker form of digital travel. To examine people’s attitudes to these two approaches, we created two fictional scenarios, each exemplifying key characteristics of these forms of digital travel. We report opinion ratings about the two scenarios, focusing on participants opinions of their realism, their likelihood to become common practice, and their suitability for different purposes. Finally, we speculate about the possible future for designed digital travel experiences.

Tricks used in websites and apps to make you do things that you do not intend to do are often referred to as dark pattern. This paper presents the board-game Dark Pattern about installing apps. The players draw cards, make choice about data that the app would like to collect and use. To win the player must avoid sharing personal data. The game was played with 102 students. After playing the game the players answered a survey with questions about their knowledge about the dark patterns types featured in the game. In addition, 50 students answered the same survey without playing the game. In the paper we present key findings about the dark patterns knowledge generated by playing the game and present an exploratory analysis using Partial Least Square – Structural Equation modelling (PLS-SEM). We analysed whether dark patterns knowledge and risk perception, the likelihood of negative incidents due to data sharing, could predict the players behavioural intention to take proactive privacy steps. The PLS-SEM models have a variance explained (R2) of 0.17 indicating that 17% of the variance could be accounted for by the two variables included in the model. Taken together, the analyses indicated that playing the Dark Pattern game had weak positive effect on behavioural intention to proactive privacy steps.

The research objective of this study was to investigate factors contributing to phishing susceptibility, expanding on findings from previous studies. We report results based on five, large-scale surveys of national populations from which we collected data about cognitive strategies using the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), privacy attitudes, data disclosure behaviors, and demographic variables. We used binary logistic regression to analyze the relationship between these factors and susceptibility to phishing attacks. We found that willingness to share personal data and CRT scores significantly predicted phishing susceptibility. Younger people were somewhat more susceptible than older age-groups. as were males than females. Importantly, these findings suggest that phishing susceptibility is not simply a function of cognitive ability, but also of individual differences in privacy attitudes and data disclosure behaviors. Their credibility is enhanced by the use of five large-scale studies with national populations, unlike earlier studies primarily relying on smaller-scale student populations.

Despite popular misconception it is not only young people that are sharing nude pictures and videos. There are a number of studies targeted towards the younger generation about their sexting, but few on older age-groups. In general, younger people take more risk than older people, and some seem to care less about possible negative consequences. For this study we commissioned a market research company to collect data from a national population, with a representative sample from 16 to 69 years old, in total 1071 citizens. We used binary logistic regression for the analysis of responses, a method that can be used to predict a categorical dependent variable – in our case whether a person has been sexting the last 12 months or not. In the study we included the following independent variables: gender, education, self-efficacy; the cognitive reflection test (CRT) to distinguish between a intuitive versus analytical decision style; Machiavellianism, to distinguish a personality trait characterized by manipulativeness and deceitfulness; willingness to share personal data, and finally whether the citizens had experience of ID-theft or credit-card misuse within the previous 12 months. Our results show that the ID-theft/credit-card variable was a significant predictor of sexting for the age-groups 16-29, 30-39 and 50-69 years old. For youngest group, the manipulativeness and deceitfulness trait is also a predictor, whereas for the oldest group, the intuitive decision style a high willingness to share personal data are also significant predictors. Keywords: Sexting, digital vulnerability, personal traits, the cognitive reflection test, willingness to share personal data, national study

Although the ubiquitous use of smartphones and social media poses serious risks to the privacy of users, research is sparse regarding how users perceive these risks. We present a study investigating the perception of e-privacy risks, assuming that risk perception depends on context and situation, and employing a facet theory approach to define and analyze privacy risk perceptions. Specifically, we define three facets that characterize situations involving an e-privacy risk: Facet A refers to the type of data disclosed, distinguishing three types: a person’s identity information, information about health, and information about private activities. Facet B refers to the type of actor misusing the information, distinguishing between commercial organizations, public authorities, social networks, and criminal actors. Facet C distinguishes three kinds of harm that might be experienced as a consequence: financial loss, physical harm, and negative psycho-social experiences. Questionnaire items were constructed by creating fictitious but realistic scenarios, each representing a combination of one element from each facet, yielding 36 (3 × 4 × 3) scenarios. For each scenario, respondents rated the likelihood and the negativity of experiencing that scenario. Following the facet theoretical paradigm, item intercorrelations were analyzed via ordinal multidimensional scaling. Results from a representative survey among 500 adult Norwegians yield a distinct partitioning with respect to Facets A and B, called a radex configuration. Facet B (actors) shows an angular partition. Facet C (type of harm) yields a contrast of financial versus psycho-social harm. In sum, we conclude that our three-faceted definition provides a satisfying first approximation to people’s perception of privacy risks on the Internet while remaining open for extensions with additional facets.

It is well known that ´during the covid19-pandemic, most governments imposed severe restrictions on their citizens. Norway has many similarities with Sweden but, in Sweden, restrictions on movement were voluntary and relied on nudging and individual implementation whereas, in Norway, most restrictions were legally binding and sanctioned with penalties (Nordensvärd, 2023). Norwegians and Swedes can be characterised as sharing Trägårdh’s statist individualism. In this paper we use empirical data on the attitudes of Norwegian citizens to this deviation from statist individualism. It is not very common use to empirical studies in philosophy, but sometimes it works (Konbe, 2015) to examine or test hypotheses, or to inform a theoretical discussion. We use data from a representative survey among Norwegian citizens. We found that one in four did not agree with Norwegian Government and the Norwegian Supreme Court on the need for scientific documentation. Normally it has been taken for granted that restrictions and interventions have a scientific basis and can be discussed before being implemented.

Phishing is a form of online identity theft that aims to steal sensitive information such as passwords and credit card information from users. Data is key for the digital economy, but disclosing personal data online increases vulnerabilities and the likelihood of experiencing negative consequences from disclosure. In this paper, we analyze willingness to share personal data, a preference for an intuitive decision style and susceptibility to phishes. We report the results of three large-scale national studies in Norway that included the cognitive reflection test (CRT) and a choice experiment on willingness to share personal data. With a binary logistic regression method, we analyzed the relationship between the CRT, willingness to share data and demographical variables with susceptibility to phishes as the outcome variable. Our main finding is that the willingness to share personal data and an intuitive thinking style significantly predict the probability of falling for phish. These results are based on three large-scale studies with national populations, in contrast to earlier studies that in most cases relying on student populations, giving them greater validity.

Dark patterns refer to tricks built into websites and apps to manipulate users into acting unintentionally and detrimentally. An important issue is how such patterns might affect behaviour when actors are manoeuvred towards the sharing of their personal data, as exemplified in choices we face when downloading Apps or signing up for services provided on the internet. This paper presents our exploratory research into understanding the intention and subsequent actions of older teenagers responding to issues of personal data collection and (mis)use. The research is based on the competitive board-game Dark Pattern, in which players install apps, draw dark pattern cards, and make choices about the sharing of personal data. To win the game, a player must share as little data as possible and play cards that punish other players. We were interested to find out the extent to which the game was able to convey types of dark patterns to the players. Additionally, we wanted to explore how players’ perceptions of risks in data-sharing associated with their intention to protect their personal data. Finally, we were interested to explore potential gender difference, and whether this might be associated with intention to protect personal data. 56 of the students who played the game answered a subsequent survey with questions about their experiences and the data was analysed using Partial Least Squares – Structural Equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Despite the findings showing that playing the game had only limited impact on knowledge about dark patterns matters, the analysis of the relationship with the factors in our model shows that knowledge has a significant contribution on behavioural intention, demonstrating that students with high dark pattern knowledge also report higher intention to take steps to protect their data.

Phishing is a form of online identity theft that aims to steal sensitive information such as passwords and credit card information from users. Data is key for the digital economy, but disclosing personal data online increases vulnerabilities and the likelihood of experiencing negative consequences from disclosure. In this paper, we analyze willingness to share personal data, a preference for an intuitive decision style and susceptibility to phishes. We report the results of three large-scale national studies in Norway that included the cognitive reflection test (CRT) and a choice experiment on willingness to share personal data. With a binary logistic regression method, we analyzed the relationship between the CRT, willingness to share data and demographical variables with susceptibility to phishes as the outcome variable. Our main finding is that the willingness to share personal data and an intuitive thinking style significantly predict the probability of falling for phish. These results are based on three large-scale studies with national populations, in contrast to earlier studies that in most cases relying on student populations, giving them greater validity.

The panopticon is a type of institutional building and a system of control designed by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham. Usually, we think of a panopticon as embodying an oppressive, top-down system of observation and control. It is not that well known that Bentham distinguished between four different types of panopticon. One of the types is the constitutional panopticon also referred to as the inverse panopticon, a bottom-up surveillance through which governing functionaries are monitored through panoptic methods. What is the citizens opinion about devices that can inform them about surveillance? A smart speaker is a device that is listening to you and others that are in the vicinity of the speaker. We recruited participants from a national panel in Norway and presented an ultrasonic jammer that prevents smart speakers from recording human speech. In this talk, key findings from studies on the ultrasonic as well as on a device that can detect cameras in the persons vicinity are presented. Furthermore, I will present data from national surveys on how the cognitive reflection test can be used to measure risk propensity concerning the sharing of nude pictures and sharing of personal data as examples of risk behaviour.

In todays society where more systems are conjoined, and people are getting more used to the tehcnology that is a part of day-to-day interactions. Are there still privacy issues in well establishet organizaitonns and systems that are appearing despite the development that are happening in the field of information systems. This thesis is adressing the organizational view on privacy related questions, and analysing the differneces that may appear only by changing the structure of the orgnaization from its general term, to the differences that may appear by simply changing the objective of the organization to perform volunteer work, and be reliant on workers that are performing tasks for the organization solely for the purpose of keeping the orgnaization going.

This research examines how various factors, such as the degree of e-privacy concerns and control over data access permissions, can influence a user's intention to install a smartphone app. We conducted two survey-based experiments with 441 participants. In each experiment, we manipulated the degree of control over the number and type of data access permissions granted to different fictional apps. In Study 1, participants were informed about the set of permissions the apps required. In Study 2, participants indicated which individual permissions they were willing to grant to the apps. In both experiments, we assessed the level of e-privacy concerns, perceived app importance, and the intention to install the apps. The results suggest that the type of app plays a central role in determining both the perceived benefit of installing the app and the level of e-privacy concerns. The intention to install an app is more strongly associated with perceived app importance than with e-privacy concerns (especially when app importance is high, and users have explicit control over which specific data access permissions they want to grant). The implications of these results are discussed regarding psychological factors involved in app installation decision-making process and the importance of promoting data protection by design.

Ingress. Travel is important for many people, but the more people travel, the higher the consumption of fossil fuels, and the greater the chances of diseases spreading over distances. The Covid-19 pandemic, and the restrictions on physical meetings and travel that have come with it, have resulted in a shift in behaviour and attitudes towards replacing physical encounters with digital ones. Are we on the cusp of a step change in how practical, acceptable and convincing these experiences are?

We selected four fragments from the world of presence theory for particular attention. These are: presence as a perceptual illusion, as a pretence, as attending to an external world, and as pretending the virtual is real. We reflect on and try to unite these fragments into a fairly coherent and perhaps more general view of the nature of presence, one that may help integrate insights into both ‘natural’ and mediated presence. One conclusion from this work is that when we feel present, we believe that what is happening is real, in the moment, whether it is in the physical world or in a virtual reality (VR). In other words, when we feel really present in an environment it is real for us. If presence in VR is an illusion, so is presence in the physical world. Presence in VR requires imagination and belief (though not make-believe), and so does presence in the physical world.

The present study enriches and deepens understanding of the concepts of telepresence and sense of place, by examining their relevance to capture a place experience evoked in 3D environments through a research design that includes the affordance concept in virtual tourism. Many previous presence studies concern the in-the-moment experience without modeling the relationship with response variables that can help explain behavior in the digital or the material space. In this paper we tested affordance as the response variable in two different research models. The participants in our experiment explored the city of Los Angeles in a virtual environment (VE). Often, though not always, the participants had a feeling of “being there.” The results indicated that both concepts – telepresence and sense of place – can be used to measure the user experience in a VE. Telepresence appears to be a more reliable predictor than the alternative concept sense of place, but its meaning aspect is generally less well known, particularly with regard to a tourist’s intended activities and relevant affordances during a visit to a place.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an integral part of our lives with AI systems to revolutionise our daily practices. At the same time, the rapid pace of AI innovations entails inherent risks that can range from cyber-crime to social discrimination. Here, we administered a large scale survey ( n=1298 ) assessing peoples’ concerns and expectations regarding AI’s influence on society in the future decade. The AI concerns employed in this study, originate from the “One hundred year study on Artificial Intelligence” project. Taking Norway as a case study, we discuss the participants’ prioritisation of concerns for their socio-demographic characteristics. Our findings show a divide in the society; with younger generations to expect a positive impact of AI on our lives in the future decade. More sceptical groups are afraid of structural changes in the economy and job losses, while supporters see opportunities that will improve our life quality. These findings can inform both academics and policymakers that should work closely to ensure fairness, explainability and maintain a trusting relationship between AI and society.

This document describes the work performed in the project GB-DIGITALISERING 2020 Covid19, which is funded by the Research Council of Norway. The project identified technological barriers and obstacles for digitalisation in today’s society and provided ideas on how to mitigate these. The use of AR/VR/MR technologies, social robotics, and wide use of data from sensors and devices in the IoT in diverse application areas are important technologies to make migration from analogue to digital solutions possible. The project results will be used to support the industry and the public sector to mitigate barriers related to properties of usability, universal design, privacy, security, personalization of services, user engagement, and others.

Jeremy Bentham is known for designing an institutional building, a prison named a panopticon and some alternatives to this concept. One of the alternatives are the inverted or constitutional panopticon in which the purpose is to let the governed, the citizens’ see and monitor the governors. Hence, the concept of inverted panopticon can be used to describe an analyze privacy protecting devices. In this paper we report on a national study on citizens’ opinion and attitudes to devices that can protect the user from being seen and listened to, with 1289 participants. At this stage of the work, we have not done statistical analysis of factors that might reveal differences between citizens, but as an exploratory study, we provide an overview of how the two privacy protecting devices were received by Norwegian citizens, based on survey responses. Our aim is to build a foundation for future studies that will investigate the inverted panopticon concept in a society in which personal data has become a currency.

Phishing is a con!dence trick with damaging impacts on both individuals and society as a whole. In this paper, we examine the possible role of thinking styles, as assessed by the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), and other factors to predict personal susceptibility to phishes. We report the results of two AQ1 large-scale national studies conducted on cross-sectional populations in Norway. Using a binary logistic regression method, we analyzed the relationship between CRT scores, willingness to share data and demographical variables, to suscep- tibility to comply with phishes. Our main !nding was that both an intuitive thinking style, as operationalized by the CRT scores, and willingness to share personal, signi!cantly predict the probability of falling for phishing. As these results are based on two large-scale studies of national populations, they can be expected to have greater validity than earlier studies. The !nding that CRT scores and other personal characteristics can predict the likelihood of falling for phishing suggests methods of pre-emptive testing of individuals as part of pri- vate and organizational strategies for encouraging improved resistance to phishing and other forms of personal data theft.

Elektroencefalografi (EEG) er en nevrofysiologisk metode for måling og registrering av elektrisk aktivitet i hjernen. g.Tec er en leverandør av måleutstyr og programvare for registrering av hjernebølger. Denne rapporten beskriver hvordan å sette opp utstyr og programvare levert av g.Tec for måling og registrering av hjernebølger. Det fysiske utstyret omfatter en EEG-hette bestående av sensorer, en trådløs transmitter, en mottaker og en elektrisk lader for lading av transmitteren. Utstyret kommuniserer med programvaren "g.NEEDaccess", som forutsetter MatLab/Simulink. Lagring og analyse av EEG-målinger gjøres ved g.Tec-tilpassede Simulink-modeller. Denne rapporten forklarer de nødvendige steg for å koble opp utstyr, gjøre nødvendige innstillinger i programvaren, og å utføre og registrere EEG-målinger med det nevnte utstyret.

Bruk av teknologi i den moderne arbeidshverdagen til arbeidstakere med nedsatt syn oppleves som ambivalent. Det er både positive og negative aspekter med teknologien, men de negative aspektene overveier. Som oftest er bruk av teknologiske løsninger tvingende nødvendig for i det hele tatt å få løst arbeidsoppgavene. For arbeidstakere med nedsatt syn gir teknologien muligheten til å utføre arbeidsoppgaver som ellers ville vært umulig å gjennomføre. Mange ganger kan oppgavene løses på en effektiv måte og med gode brukeropplevelser. Dårlige tekniske løsninger, manglende universell utforming og for lav kompetanse på teknologien kan derimot skape utfordringer som i beste fall kan forseres, men som i verste fall utgjør uoverkommelige barrierer. Typiske følger her er forsinkelse i arbeidsprosessene, og uløste eller dårlig løste arbeidsoppgaver. Dette kan videre ha ulike negative konsekvenser for den enkelte, og dermed også for arbeidsgivere og samfunnet forøvrig: Mange opplever frustrasjon og at arbeidet går på helsen løs. For andre er situasjonen så alvorlig at de ser seg nødt til å gå ned i stillingsandel, og atter andre slutter helt eller kommer seg ikke ut i jobb. Det ble gjennomført en bredt anlagt spørreundersøkelse blant personer med nedsatt syn, samt en feltstudie med observasjon av og samtale med et utvalg informanter. Vi tolker de følgende funnene som positive: • 2 av 3 har en stillingsandel på 100 %. • 1 av 3 er fornøyde med sin nåværende stillingsandel. • 1 av 3 som jobber redusert er åpne for større yrkesdeltakelse. • 7 av 10 blant de som ikke har vært i arbeid vil komme seg ut i jobben. • 2 av 3 er fornøyde med tilretteleggingen på arbeidsplassen. De følgende funnene gjenspeiler etter vår mening negative aspekter: • Mange hindringer opptrer på områder som ikke vil reguleres av EUs kommende webdirektiv om universell utforming av nettsteder og mobilapplikasjoner (WAD). • Flere enn 1 av 3 arbeidsplasser er ikke universelt utformet (når arbeidstakerne bruker sin egen definisjon av universell utforming). • 2 av 3 møter barrierer en eller flere ganger i måneden, og så mange som 3 av 10 minst én gang om dagen. • Trenden med antall tekniske barrierer er økende. • 6 av 10 bruker egne hjelpemidler, inkludert telefon. • 1 av 3 spesialiserte hjelpemidler har tekniske barrierer. • 9 av 10 blant de som møter barrierer bruker lengre tid på å løse oppgaver, 3 av 4 trenger hjelp, og rundt 4 av 10 får ikke løst dem i det hele tatt. • Flere enn 1 av 3 vurderer å slutte eller har sluttet. • 1 av 3 vurderer å gå ned eller har gått ned i stillingsandel. • 1 av 6 får seg ikke jobb grunnet tekniske barrierer. Funnene i feltstudien bekrefter hovedtrekkene i spørreundersøkelsen. Det vil si at situasjonen er sammensatt, med både fordeler og ulemper, men mange negative opplevelser dominerer likevel helhetsinntrykket. Dette fordi alle informantene opplevde utfordringer og en god del frustrasjon med teknologien. De egentlige, dypereliggende årsakene er mangfoldige og opptrer ofte i kombinasjon: • Mange løsninger er teknisk komplekse, med en rekke ulike komponenter som må fungere sammen. • De fleste tekniske løsninger, spesielt på datamaskiner / PC, har dårlig tilgjengelighet for arbeidstakere med nedsatt syn. • Det testes for lite og/eller ikke godt nok i kombinasjon med tekniske hjelpemidler. • Det er mangel på kunnskap om hjelpemidler hos mange som jobber med driftsstøtte. • Opplæring av hjelpemiddelbrukere er ofte mangelfull. • Datahjelp er noen ganger ikke lett tilgjengelig. Vi foreslår følgende mulige tiltak: • Bevisstgjøring og synligheten av problematikken bør økes generelt. • Graden av tilgjengelighet for synshemmede bør økes gjennom flere deltiltak: • Universell utforming bør integreres i læreplanene på alle skoler, høyskoler og universiteter. • Universell utforming bør forankres bedre i produksjonsprosessene og hos organisasjoners ledelse. • Produsenter av programvare, utviklere, testere og designere bør alle ha tilstrekkelig kompetanse på universell utforming og bruke denne i praksis. • Innkjøperne av tekniske løsninger bør forpliktes til å stille krav om universell utforming. • Forskrift om universell utforming av IKT bør utvides til å gjelde arbeidslivet, og tilsyn med forskriften bør styrkes, med tydeligere føringer for hvordan forskriften kan etterleves av både private and offentlige organisasjoner. • Testing av programvare i kombinasjon med tekniske hjelpemidler bør få høyere prioritet. • Det er nødvendig med en bruksstatistikk på og veiledning i testing med tekniske hjelpemidler. • Opplæringstilbudet for driftspersonale og hjelpemiddelbrukerne bør forbedres. • Datahjelp i organisasjoner bør gjøres lettere tilgjengelig.

The Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology has developed a learning concept for school classes in science centres named “learning trails”. In this concept, groups of students perform a series of thematically related experiments with installations in the science centre. The learning trails are designed to support the generic learning outcomes for science centre visits. We argue that the previously developed Engagement Profile can be used to translate exhibit properties into both media forms and generic learning outcomes for such learning concepts. Further, we implemented the learning trails in two modes: one mode used paper-based content to guide the students, while the other mode supported the use of tablet PCs where engaging content is triggered when the students approach the location of an experiment in the learning trail. We studied the engagement factors of the learning trails and observed how school classes use these. In a study with 113 students from lower secondary school (age 16), they answered short questionnaires that were integrated into the implementation of the learning trails. While the concept of the learning trails was evaluated positively, we could not find significant differences in how engaging the two implemented modes were.

A methodology for assessing the degree of accessibility of museum and science center exhibits is proposed in this work. It consists of an exhibit-centric framework with a corresponding score for the accessibility indicators vision, hearing, mobility, motor, and cognition. The scores are achieved by combining the results of an observational study with a supplementary expert evaluation for high reliability. The methodology was successfully applied with pupils in an informal-learning context at Oslo Science Center. We believe it has relevance for and can be applied to other areas such as self-service machines and interactive technical artifacts in general due to its generic nature.

The telepresence experience can be evoked in a number of ways. A well-known example is a player of videogames who reports about a telepresence experience, a subjective experience of being in one place or environment, even when physically situated in another place. In this paper we set the phenomenon of telepresence into a theoretical framework. As people react subjectively to stimuli from telepresence, empirical studies can give more evidence about the phenomenon. Thus, our contribution is to bridge the theoretical with the empirical. We discuss theories of perception with an emphasis on Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty and Gibson, the role of the senses and the Spinozian belief procedure. The aim is to contribute to our understanding of this phenomenon. A telepresence-study that included the affordance concept is used to empirically study how players report sense-reactions to virtual sightseeing in two cities. We investigate and explore the interplay of the philosophical and the empirical. The findings indicate that it is not only the visual sense that plays a role in this experience, but all senses.

Denne rapporten sammenfatter resultater fra to nasjonale undersøkelser i prosjektet Awareness Learning Tools for Data Sharing Everywhere (ALerT), finansiert av Norges forskningsråd. For å undersøke i hvilken grad deltakerne faktisk samtykker til å dele opplysninger spurte vi om vi kunne få tilgang til all den informasjon meningsmålingsfirmaet hadde om den enkelte. Dette for deretter å koble opplysningene med informasjon fra Facebook for å lage en digital profil. Dette er hovedfunnene: * I den første undersøkelsen ga 26% samtykke. * I den andre undersøkelsen ga 17% samtykke. * Begge undersøkelsene er nasjonale befolkningsundersøkelser med deltakere i alderen 18-79 år i den første, og 16-69 år i den andre undersøkelsen. I Norge er det ca. 4 millioner i aldersgruppen 18-79 år, og ca. 3,7 millioner i aldersgruppen 16-69 år. Bruker vi disse tallene for antall personer får vi at 26% representerer ca. 1 million nordmenn og 17% ca. 600.000 nordmenn. * Hvorfor var det færre som ga samtykke i den andre undersøkelsen? Spørsmålet om samtykke ble i den første undersøkelsen stilt etter noen spørsmål som ikke handlet om personvern, persondata og hvordan disse brukes. I den andre undersøkelsen benyttet vi motsatt tilnærming. Vi spurte mange spørsmål om deling om persondata og digitale profiler, og etter dette spørsmålet om samtykke til å få tilgang til data om den enkelte. Vi forventet derfor at færre ga samtykke i den andre undersøkelsen sammenliknet med den første. * Undersøkelsene viser at de som tilhører gruppen ga samtykke i større grad enn de andre har opplevd phishing, ID-tyveri og andre negative hendelser slik som deling av krenkende bilder eller videoer. * Vi benyttet refleksjonstesten CRT. Denne er laget for å teste om en person har en tendens til å velge det første en tenker på når en tar beslutninger. I begge undersøkelsen var andelene som ga samtykke høyere blant de som kan beskrives som intuitive målt ved CRT-testen. * Digitale profiler forteller om en persons identitet. Et klart flertall la stor vekt på dette og at en skal bli spurt før digitale profiler lages. I begge undersøkelsene valgte et flertall ”det bør gjøres vanskeligere å lagre persondata og opplysninger som kan brukes til å lage digitale profiler” som det alternativet de var mest enige i. * Vi spurte om Cambridge Analytica-skandalen og delte deltakerne inn i grupper som fikk ulik informasjon om skandalen. Det å gi informasjon om skandalen, om ulovlige innsamling og bruk av persondata påvirket ikke hvordan deltakerne svarte. Svarene til de som fikk informasjon om skandalen tyder ikke på et disse ble mer bekymret for hvordan persondata kan misbrukes.

We report from a study performed in ten European countries, where we asked about attitudes and behaviour towards data sharing behaviour. We looked into the differences between members of age groups. We find that there are more similarities than differences between the age groups, with the exception of young people more often tending to use fake information for privacy reasons. When analysing whether users change privacy settings as an indicator for awareness, we find that both the younger and the older users have lower awareness than the members of the middle-aged. The use of learning and practising tools seems the right way to increase the privacy and data sharing awareness of citizen.

This NR-note presents the opening keynote talk in Awareness Learning Tools for Data Sharing Everywhere (ALerT), a project funded by Research Council Norway, the IKTpluss-program. In the project, we will combine serious games techniques with experimental methods from psychology and decision science. ALerT addresses how to increase awareness about the use of these data, and how users can make informed choices and exercise legal rights in this context. This research note contains the keynote presentation what is privacy from the ALerT first meeting, April 4th 2018. Privacy is the underlying theme and motivation for the ALerT project. Although privacy seems to be hard to define, it is regarded as a core value in our society. Privacy is rooted in a Western philosophical tradition that respects the individual and therefore is worth identifying, unpacking and discussing.

I denne rapporten vises hvordan tlgjengeligheten av interaktve installasjoner på museer og vitensentre kan vurderes. Vi har utviklet en metode med tlhørende vurderingssystem og gjennomført en vurdering av 15 installasjoner på Oslo Vitensenter ved hjelp av elever med nedsat funksjonevne, voksne og eksperter. Vi har pekt på det som fungerer bra, viser hva som er typiske barrierer og lister opp en rekke anbefalinger for bedre tlgjengelighet. En oppsummering av kunnskapen på området avrunder rapporten.

Museums and Science Centres are informal education environments that intend to engage the visitors with their exhibitions. The installation ‘The Highway of the Seas’ in the exhibition Norway is the Sea is a game that teaches players the roles of people employed in shipping and tasks related to shipping from the perspective of a ship operator. We investigate the narrative elements of this installation, how to characterise these, and their impact on engagement. Using such characteristics, informed modifications that increase engagement can be made. Further, we compare aspects of ‘The Highway of the Seas’ with two other installations in a study and find that ‘The Highway of the Seas’ is the most engaging serious game of these three.

In this article, we present findings from a European survey with 10 countries on the subject sharing of personal information and concerns of the citizens. We compare the age group 60-65 years old with the age group 50-59, and in addition compare the Nordic region with the non-nordic population. There are more similarities than differences. The survey indicates that many of the elderly 60-65 take steps to protect their personal data.

Denne rapporten sammenfatter resultatene fra en brukertest av lettleste tekster på oppdrag fra Stavanger kommune. NTB Arkitekst utviklet lettlestversjoner av utvalgte tekster fra nettsidene til Stavanger kommune. Flere målgrupper deltok i brukertest av tekstene: personer med dysleksi, personer med utviklingshemming, innvandrere, eldre og personer med ADHD. Rapporten gjør rede for opplegget for brukertestene, rekruttering og fordeling av informanter og gjennomføringen. Brukertestene baserer seg på et begrenset antall informanter innen ulike grupper og gir ikke grunnlag for entydige konklusjoner om nytteverdi for alle gruppene. Noen grupper, særlig personer med utviklingshemming og innvandrere med begrensede norskferdigheter, ser imidlertid ut til å ha særlig god nytte av lettleste tekster. Brukertestene indikerer også at nytteverdien kan være mye bredere enn til disse gruppene. Alle brukere av offentlig informasjon vil trolig ha god nytte av at informasjonen er mer lettlest, forståelig og konsis. Men økt tilgjengelighet og universell utforming handler ikke bare om å gjøre tekster enklere. Det er en utfordring at mange av dem som har mest nytte av lettlest også er blant dem som bruker offentlige informasjonstjenester minst. Viktige målgrupper, for eksempel mange av de eldste eldre, bruker heller ikke internett. Skal man komme ut med den lettleste informasjonen, må man finne kanaler som brukes av de aktuelle gruppene. Rapporten gir avslutningsvis en del anbefalinger for det videre arbeidet med kommunale tekster .

This research note is the Deliverable D8.1 of the VISITOR ENGAGEMENT project entitled “Science Centre Case Study Evaluations II”. This document presents characteristics of the installations chosen for the assessments, plans and protocols for the assessment, questionnaires and forms used during the assessment, and documentation of results.

We present a concept including a set of tools for selfmanagement for patients suffering from axial spondyloarthritis (SpA). This concept involves patient-recorded outcome measures, both subjective assessment and clinical measurements, that are used to present recommendations. We report from experiences made while implementing a proof of this concept and analyse it from several perspectives. Our work resulted in proposing a self-management tool for the patient, improving the methodology for clinical measurements of rotation exercises, and proof the viability for using on-board sensors in smart phones. Further, since sensors collect data in a medical setting, we present ethical considerations.

In a previous issue of NORSIGD Info, we have presented the VEI profile that characterises installations in science centres and museums for the evaluation of the how engaging these exhibits are for visitors. The VEI profile is used by the stakeholders (such as curators and exhibition designers) to specify and evaluate characteristics of exhibits. In its original form, the VEI profile is represented as a spiderweb diagram. While using this graphical representation in practice, we noticed some disadvantages that we try to avoid using a new representation. In the following, we present the principles behind this new graphical representation and how it is used.

Museums and science centres are informal education environments that intend to engage visitors with their exhibits.We present an efficient design process that allows an improved working relationship between museum practitioners, exhibition designers, and visitors. Its principles and a graphical representation are based on the Engagement Profile from previous work. Curators and designers evaluate the qualities of exhibits using the engagement profile while visitors inform the design process by answering a standardised questionnaire. Elements of the design process were evaluated using an educational game at the science centre Engineerium. This study was based on the responses from over five hundred visitors to the science centre. As an outcome, the science centre received valuable information of how to improve the exhibit. Further, one iteration of the design process was implemented in practice. First experiences show that our method will practically support the work of museum practitioners and exhibition designers.

Science centres and museums struggle to measure how engaging specific installations are for visitors. We present a framework for assessing visitor engagement by using non-intrusive technologies. We present a profile for mapping out an installation over eight dimensions and how we created it. We also present techniques for performing assessments using the facial expressions of visitors and asking short, targeted questions to visitors. Combining these together results in a fast assessment that happens as a visitor interacts with an installation. We have performed evaluations of three different installations in three science centres: one looked at the role of competition in exhibits, one at ways to automate the assessment, and another at how altering components like narrative in an installation affects the assessment’s result. The assessment framework and classification method work in multiple installations and form the basis for a new tool for measuring engagement in a visitor centres and museums.

We developed a concept including a set of tools for self-management for patients suffering from axial spondyloarthritis (SpA). This concept involves patient-recorded outcome measures, both subjective assessment and clinical measurements, that are used to present recommendations. We report from experiences made while implementing a proof of this concept. Besides giving the patient a self-management tool, our work also improved the methodology for clinical measurements.

In this document, we present a set of research questions on how to evoke reflection about sharing of personal data and privacy. We look into analytical approaches to understand the phenomenon of people’s privacy behaviour and into synthetical approaches to let the user practise privacy skills to increase awareness using visualisation and simulation technologies in scenarios of relevance to the user. We also review potential risks to security, privacy, anonymity, and other assets and the use of information in social media, for advertisement and commercial activities.

Dette dokumentet beskriver personas laget på en workshop hos Uloba den 4. desember. Personas er beskrivelser av oppdiktede personer. Beskrivelsene er basert på bred erfaring og kunnskap om hvilke utfordringer personer med nedsatt funksjonsevne møter i ulike situasjoner, da deltakerne på workshopen selv har funksjonsnedsettelser, eller har arbeidet med slike spørsmål gjennom organisasjonsliv eller via yrkesliv. Det er benyttet en mal fra nettstedet “personas.no”.

This report presents results from a literature study of good practices of universal design (UD), cost-benefit analyses, and measurements of outcomes and effects of UD. Further, the reviewed literature is structured and analysed. Based on this a framework for planning and performing case-studies with the purpose of measuring cost-benefits of Universal Design is proposed.

We performed a user evaluation in a science centre to uncover the impact of emotion and enjoyment on the perceived Quality of Experience. In an evaluation with 60 students, we assessed data from the use of an installation and relate Positive And Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scales and other subjective and objective data using the partial least square methodology. We present interpretations for how participants, winners, and losers of a quiz game in the science centre experience their visit.

This document is the final report of the GB project GB-BOHEME-2014/2015. We present a brief list of the project achievements followed by a characterisation of the tree focus areas: open content lifecycle management, user experiences & gamification, and eHealth & welfare.We also present some thoughts on how to organise a follow-up project. Section 2 of this note presents an overview of the developed concepts and their applications areas.

Museums and science centres are places where visitors learn and gain knowledge through encountering and engaging with installations. The design of these installations is important for the engagement and experience outcome for visitors. We present two visual methods, the Expogon and the Visitor Engagement Index (VEI) profile. These can assess the design of installations and give hints for the designers on how to improve the experience.

Currently, it is difficult to assess the engagement of visitors in science centres and museums for specific installations. We intend to measure how well individual installations work by using non-intrusive assessment technologies. This paper lays out the assessment framework for this goal. The article presents the Visitor Engagement Installation profile that characterises installations along six dimensions. An assessment framework that consists of four layers is presented and explained. First findings of the assessment of a selected installation are presented.

This research note is Deliverable VISITORENGAGEMENT D7.1, entitled “Science Centre Requirements Specification”. This note describes visitor studies at the science centres participating in the project, installations that are candidates to be used for research, criteria for classifying installations and visitors. This note also presents the VISITOR ENGAGEMENT Installation (VEI) profile that has been developed.